‘Unhealthy’ dietary fats — not just obesity — may contribute to worsening osteoarthritis, according to researchers from Duke Medicine.
The study, published in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases on July 11, 2014, showed that mice consuming a supplement of omega 3 fatty acids had healthier joints than those fed diets high in saturated fats and omega 6 fatty acids.
“Our results suggest that dietary factors play a more significant role than mechanical factors in the link between obesity and osteoarthritis,” said Farshid Guilak, Ph.D., Laszlo Ormandy Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Duke and the study’s senior author.
Obesity is one of the primary risk factors for osteoarthritis, although the mechanisms linking these conditions are not fully understood. It has been assumed that increased weight wears the joints out, but this doesn’t explain why arthritis is also found in hands and other joints that are not weight bearing.
Appetite hormone predicts presence of arthritis
Dr Guilak and his colleagues began studying systemic factors other than body weight to determine their effect on arthritis, and in an earlier study in obese mice, found that the lack of appetite hormone leptin predicted whether the mice had arthritis.
“This made us think that maybe it’s not how much weight you gain, but what you eat,” Dr Guilak said.
Study method
In this study, the researchers focused on mice with osteoarthritis of the knee caused by injury to the joint. Arthritis resulting from trauma or injury is thought to account for 10 to 15 per cent of all cases of arthritis.
The mice were fed one of three high-fat diets:
one rich in saturated fat
one rich in omega 6 fatty acids
one rich in omega 6 fatty acids but supplemented with a small amount of omega 3 fatty acids.
Saturated fat, which usually comes from animal sources, is known to raise cholesterol levels. Omega 6 fatty acids, often found in corn oil, soybean oil, nuts and seeds, are thought to be a healthier source of fat.
Omega 3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish or fish oil supplements, are often touted as “healthy fat” given their heart-healthy and anti-inflammatory properties. Unfortunately, most Americans eat significantly more saturated fat and omega 6 fatty acids than omega 3 fatty acids.
“A healthy diet would include roughly equal ratios of these fats, but we’re way off the scale in the Western diet,” Dr Guilak said.
The researchers found that arthritis was significantly influenced by the mice’s diets, but not with body weight. Mice with diets high in saturated fat or omega 6 fatty acids experienced significant worsening of their arthritis, while mice consuming a small supplement of omega 3 fatty acids had healthier joints.
“While omega 3 fatty acids aren’t reversing the injury, they appear to slow the progression of arthritis in this group of mice,” Dr Guilak said. “In fact, omega 3 fatty acids eliminated the detrimental effects of obesity in obese mice,” he said.
Relationship between omega-3s, wound healing and arthritis
The researchers also looked at the mice’s ability to heal wounds, which they said may help them to understand the relationships between arthritis and wound healing. In mice consuming omega 3 fatty acids, a small ear punch typically used to differentiate mice healed much more quickly than it did in animals that did not receive the supplement.
“We found that independent of body weight, dietary fatty acids regulate ear wound healing and severity of osteoarthritis following joint injury in obese mice,” said Chia-Lung Wu, a biomedical engineering graduate student in the Duke Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and the study’s lead author.
The researchers said they were working to translate their findings to humans.
“A great next step would be to do a clinical study to look at effect of omega 3 fatty acids post-injury,” Dr Guilak said.
In addition to Guilak and Wu, study authors include Deeptee Jain, Jenna N. McNeill, Dianne Little, John A. Anderson, Janet L. Huebner, Virginia B. Kraus, Ramona M. Rodriguiz and William C. Wetsel. The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (AR50245, AG15768, AR48852, AR48182, AG46927), a Taiwan GSSA graduate fellowship, the North Carolina Biotechnology Center and the Arthritis Foundation.
Source: ausfoodnews